In addition, the skin's melanin pigment absorbs beta radiation and thus it limits the ability of people to make vitamin D for people with dark skin. However, at latitudes greater than 37 degrees North or South, beta radiation is too low to produce vitamin D during the late fall to early spring months. Vitamin D can also be made in the skin of infants when exposed to beta ultraviolet solar radiation. Furthermore, parental noncompliance with vitamin D supplementation is a common problem, in some cases due to parents' perception that their child does not like the supplements. This is partly because not all health care practitioners recommend routine vitamin D supplementation even if exclusive breastfeeding and dark skin are considered. Vitamin D deficiency in infants is common worldwide, encompassing many geographies and cultures. Any infant receiving <1 liter or 1 quart of formula per day requires an alternative to receive 400 IU/day of vitamin D, such as through vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D supplementation should be continued unless the infant is weaned and using at least 1 liter per day (about 1 liter per day) of vitamin D fortified formula. To avoid developing vitamin D deficiency, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that breastfed and partially breastfed infants receive 400 IU of vitamin D daily, beginning within a few days of birth. Before vitamin D was routinely added to foods such as milk products and formula, rickets was more common today. In addition, vitamin D deficiency can also cause rickets, a disease that results in weak or poorly formed bones. Babies who don't get enough vitamin D can develop tooth decay and other dental problems later in life. Vitamin D helps babies use calcium from breast milk or formula to develop strong teeth and bones. Vitamin D deficiency is also thought to increase risk of other diseases including type 1 diabetes later in life at a very young age. At the time of diagnosis, children with vitamin D deficiency rickets had very low serum 25(OH)D levels, below 25 nmol/L, and most had not received vitamin D supplementation. Consequences of vitamin D deficiency in infants are characterized by soft bones (rickets), seizures due to low calcium levels, and difficulty breathing. Vitamin D is needed to maintain blood calcium and bone health.
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